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Macedonian Orthodox Church
Macedonian Orthodox Church
St Profit ilija
Victoria Street,Seddon 3011
During World War II (1939-1945) the Axis powers invaded and dismembered Yugoslavia. Bulgarian forces took over much of Yugoslav Macedonia, while the rest of the country was partitioned among the Germans, Italians, and Hungarians. Yugoslavs fought against each other during the remainder of the war; in particular, the forces of Josip Broz Tito, a Yugoslav Communist, fought against the Croat fascist puppet state that was backed by Italy. The Anti-fascist Council of the People’s Liberation of Macedonia fought on the side of Tito. In November 1944, at an all-Yugoslav meeting of Tito’s partisans, it was decided that the future Yugoslav federation was to include Yugoslav Macedonia as one of its constituent parts. Tito’s government was the first to recognize Yugoslav Macedonia as a distinct ethnic and political entity. It encouraged the creation of an independent Macedonian Orthodox Church and printed a new standard grammar of the Macedonian language. When the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed in 1946, Yugoslav Macedonia became officially one of the country’s six constituent republics.
Tito’s death in 1980 created a power vacuum in Yugoslavia. Macedonia and the other Yugoslav republics became dissatisfied with the Yugoslav federation during the 1980s. In 1990, when the Communist Party relinquished power of the Yugoslav state, the republics began maneuvering for greater autonomy. In June 1991 Croatia and Slovenia formally declared their independence from Yugoslavia. In Yugoslav Macedonia a referendum was held on September 8, 1991, which resulted in a 95 percent vote for independence. The republic’s Serbian and Albanian minorities boycotted the referendum, which caused tension between Yugoslav Macedonia and the Serbian-controlled Yugoslav government but did not result in armed conflict. In November Macedonia seceded from Yugoslavia.
The greatest threat to the republic’s sovereignty and viability arose from the lack of recognition by the international community. A conflict regarding the republic’s name arose immediately following its declaration of independence. Greece refused to acknowledge the republic until it changed its name, claiming that Macedonia was a Greek name, and that articles of the republic’s constitution implied territorial claims to the adjacent Greek province of Macedonia. Greece also objected to the republic’s use of Alexander the Great’s 16-pointed Star of Vergina on its flag. As a result of international pressure, the country’s assembly amended the constitution to state that it had no territorial aspirations in Greece or any other country. Greece refused to negotiate, however, and the European Community (now the European Union, or EU) sided with Greece by not acknowledging the republic. With negotiations at a standstill, the two countries turned to the UN for resolution of the problem. In the meantime, Macedonia was unable to join international financial institutions or obtain critical foreign loans and capital because of its lack of recognition, and the republic’s weak economy continued to deteriorate. In addition, a Greek blockade against the republic and the republic’s own obedience to the UN’s sanctions against Serbia meant the loss of two trade partners. The republic’s lack of recognition also allowed Serbia to put political and military pressure on the republic.
Internal political and ethnic tensions flared in the period before recognition. The country’s Albanian minority began lobbying for more recognition, with half the community demanding more political representation and the other half boycotting all participation. Riots broke out in Skopje during the fall of 1992. The influx of refugees from the war in Bosnia's as many as 100,000 by October 1992—created another potential source of problems for the republic. See Yugoslav Succession, Wars of.
Following the collapse of the republic’s government in the summer of 1992, President Kiro Gligorov, who was elected in January 1991, appointed Branko Crvenkovski as prime minister and gave him the mandate to create a new government. Crvenkovski helped form a coalition government, consisting of the Party for Democratic Prosperity (now the Party of Democratic Prosperity of Albanians in Macedonia), the Liberal Party, and the Social Democratic Alliance. In April 1993 the republic was admitted to the UN as the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, until a further settlement could be reached with Greece regarding the republic’s name. The issue of the flag was also to be settled through talks. Until then the UN would not fly the republic’s flag. As a result of this recognition the republic was also allowed to join the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and gained observer status in the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe, or OSCE). In the first half of 1993 the UN sent 1000 peacekeeping troops (including about 500 U.S. forces) to the republic in order to prevent the war in Bosnia from spreading there. The troops were deployed mainly along the republic’s border with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The UN troops were scheduled to leave by September 1998, but in March of that year President Gligorov appealed for them to remain longer, in the wake of violence in the neighboring Serbian province of Kosovo.
During 1993 some progress was made in the negotiations with Greece. However, after Andreas Papandreou returned as prime minister of Greece in October 1993, the talks terminated abruptly, and a trade embargo and blockade were reimposed in February 1994. The renewed embargo came just after the United States formally recognized the independence of the FYROM (the republic had gained a seat in the UN General Assembly and recognition by most Western European states and Japan by the end of 1993). Despite resistance from member countries of the EU, in June the European Court of Justice ruled that Greece was at liberty to continue its embargo. In the fall of 1994 another coalition government was elected to power. Known as the Alliance for Macedonia, it consisted of the Social Democratic Alliance of Macedonia, the Liberal Party, and the Socialist Party of Macedonia. The coalition won 95 seats in the national assembly. The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, the main opposition party and formerly the largest single party in the assembly, failed to win any seats after it boycotted the second round of elections. Along with the Democratic Party of Macedonia, the opposition party claimed that the first round of elections had been fraudulent. In the same election, Gligorov was reelected as president with 52.4 percent of the vote.
Growing tensions between the FYROM government and the Albanian minority were symbolized by the struggle surrounding the creation of an Albanian-language university in the city of Tetovo, located about 40 km (about 25 mi) west of Skopje. Established by Albanian educators in February 1995, the University of Tetovo was declared illegal by FYROM authorities because a state university cannot, under FYROM law, be established by private individuals outside of state channels. Its founding produced clashes between police and demonstrators that resulted in the death of one Albanian. The university has since maintained a tenuous existence, holding classes in stores, private homes, and sometimes mosques. Albanians support the university by a voluntary tax.
In September 1995 the foreign ministers of Greece and the FYROM signed an interim accord on mutual relations. The two parties confirmed their border and agreed to establish diplomatic relations. Greece pledged to lift its embargo of the FYROM and to consent to the FYROM’s entrance into a number of international organizations; the FYROM agreed to lift the controversial Star of Vergina symbol from its flag and to remove the articles of the constitution that Greece found objectionable. Negotiations were to continue regarding the issue of the republic’s name.
On October 3, the day that talks were scheduled to begin on implementing the agreement, FYROM president Kiro Gligorov was seriously injured in a car-bomb attack in Skopje. While no one claimed responsibility for the attack, many in the republic feared that it had been perpetrated by nationalists who opposed the September agreement. Gligorov was hospitalized, and the government named Stojan Andov, the speaker of the parliament, as acting president. Soon after taking office Andov pushed a law through parliament that dropped the Star of Vergina from the republic’s flag.
In October 1995 the FYROM became a full member of the OSCE, and in November it was admitted to the Council of Europe and NATO’s Partnership for Peace program. Gligorov, who had lost an eye in the assassination attempt, returned to office in January 1996. A brief power struggle between leaders of the Social Democratic and Liberal parties over privatization policies and other issues led to the collapse of the coalition government, and in February the FYROM’s parliament endorsed a new government. The new government included no members of the Liberal Party and reasserted the dominance of the Social Democrats in the FYROM’s ruling coalition. The other members of the new coalition were the Socialist Party of Macedonia and the Party of Democratic Prosperity of Albanians in Macedonia. In April 1996 the FYROM and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) officially recognized each other.
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