Australian Capital Territory
Australian Capital Territory
(ACT), federal district in southeastern Australia and the home of Canberra, Australia’s capital and the ACT’s only city. The ACT has an area of 2432 sq km (939 sq mi) and is located 320 km (200 mi) southwest of Sydney. The ACT is completely surrounded by the state of New South Wales, with the exception of Jervis Bay, a harbor on Australia’s eastern coast that is separate from the rest of the ACT but is incorporated into it for administrative purposes. The ACT was formally established on land acquired from New South Wales by the Australian government on January 1, 1911.
Surrounded by the Australian Alps, the ACT is an area of rolling plains and forest watered by the Murrumbidgee River and its tributaries. Outside Canberra huge tracts of the ACT are reserved for forestry and nature conservation, including the 105,000-hectare (259,512-acre) Namadgi National Park. Smaller tracts are used for farming, mainly grazing.
The ACT has a population (1991) of 280,095; almost all the people live in Canberra, where life revolves around the federal government. The great majority of Canberra’s population are public employees. The architecture reflects the design of Walter Burley Griffin, an American architect who won an international competition in the early 1910s to design the new city.
The territory is governed by a popularly elected 17-member legislative assembly that in turn elects a chief minister. However, the federal government maintains the right to veto the assembly’s legislation. In the federal government, the ACT is represented by two members in the House of Representatives and two members in the Senate.
The area now occupied by the ACT was first visited by Europeans in 1820 but had been used by the native Aborigines for thousands of years. White settlement began in 1824. Until its selection as the seat of government, the area was a quiet pastoral and agricultural community. When the Australian colonies formed a federation in 1901, a bitter dispute erupted between the cities of Melbourne and Sydney over which city should become the new nation’s capital. The dispute was resolved in favor of neither. The compromise was that New South Wales should cede a tract of land no closer than 160 km (100 mi) to Sydney as the site of a federal capital. An additional 72.5 sq km (28 sq mi) of the New South Wales coast at Jervis Bay was included as a proposed, but never developed, federal port.
Preferring to be governed by the federal government, ACT residents consistently rejected proposals to govern themselves. In 1988, however, the federal government imposed self-government, which became effective on May 11, 1989.
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